Path Planning and Energy Efficiency of Heterogeneous Mobile Robots Using Cuckoo–Beetle Swarm Search Algorithms with Applications in UGV Obstacle Avoidance

In this paper, a new meta-heuristic path planning algorithm, the cuckoo–beetle swarm search (CBSS) is introduced to solve problems of heterogeneous mobile robots. Traditional algorithms, e.g., genetic algorithms (GA), particle (PSO), beetle optimization (BSO), and cuckoo (CS), have such as tenancy become trapped in local minima because premature convergence weakness global capability planning. Note that CBSS algorithm imitates biological habits herds thus has good robustness ability. addition, computer simulations verify accuracy, speed, energy efficiency stability algorithm. The results real-world experiment prove proposed much better than its counterparts. Finally, applied 2D 3D contrast counterparts, guaranteed find shortest optimal different sizes types maps.